Muslim Inventions - Nobel Prizes
By Bernie on 09 Mar 2006
Albert Einstein in a circle of other Nobel Prize Winners in 1928 (from the left Walther Nernst, Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Robert Andrews Millikan and Max von Laue).
I poked fun at the lack of Muslim patents and inventions in these articles:
- More Muslim Inventions
- the Arab Contribution to Civilization: Nothing Lately
- How the world looks when you've created nothing
- List of Chinese Nobel Prize Laureates
If you google "Muslim/Islamic/Arab Nobel Prize Winners" you will invariably get quite a number of websites that erroneously list ten or eleven names. They are far too generous.
MUSLIM/ARAB NOBEL WINNERS
Here are the usual suspects that most blogs mistakenly count as Muslim or Arab Nobel Laureates:
They have conspicuously left out Amatrya Sen, Honorary Muslim. (added by editor of Sookta)
Physics
1979 - Abdus Salam - Punjabi Ahmadiyya sect.
1979 - Abdus Salam - Punjabi Ahmadiyya sect.
Literature
1957 - Albert Camus - neither Arab nor Muslim
1988 - Naguib Mahfouz - Egyptian Muslim
[Update]
2006 - Orhan Pamuk - Turkish Muslim in name only
1957 - Albert Camus - neither Arab nor Muslim
1988 - Naguib Mahfouz - Egyptian Muslim
[Update]
2006 - Orhan Pamuk - Turkish Muslim in name only
Peace
1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat
1994 - Yaser Arafat
2003 - Shirin Ebadi
2005 - Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 - Muhammad Yunus
Chemistry
1990 - Elias James Corey - neither Arab nor Muslim
1999 - Ahmed Zewail - Egyptian Arab, Muslim in Name Only
1990 - Elias James Corey - neither Arab nor Muslim
1999 - Ahmed Zewail - Egyptian Arab, Muslim in Name Only
Medicine
1960 Peter Brian Medawar - neither Arab nor Muslim
1998 Ferid Murad - neither Arab nor Muslim
1960 Peter Brian Medawar - neither Arab nor Muslim
1998 Ferid Murad - neither Arab nor Muslim
First off, I ignore the Nobel Peace Prize since one can be a village idiot and get one; Yasser Arafat is a perfect example.
Most of the Laureates mentioned are Neither Arab nor Muslim
- Albert Camus, neither Arab nor Muslim, happened to have been born in Algeria which at that time was a French Colony; his father was French, his mother - Spanish. An accurate ethnic designation for Camus is pied noir.
- Elias James Corey, neither Arab nor Muslim, was born and raised in America of Lebanese Christian Phoenicians. Many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians.
- Sir Peter Brian Medawar, neither Arab nor Muslim, was born in Brazil of a British mother and a Lebanese Christian father. Medawar was raised and educated in the UK and was in fact an atheist.
- Ferid Murad, neither Arab nor Muslim, was born and raised in America of an Albanian Muslim father and an American Baptist mother. Murad was baptized Episcopalian in college, his wife is Presbyterian, and two of his daughters married Jews.
This leaves Naguib Mahfouz, Abdus Salam, Ahmed Zewail and Orhan Pamuk. So four Muslims won the Nobel Prize in Science and literature. Out of 1.2-1.5 billion Muslims.
It should be noted that Abdus Salam was born in British India, in what is now Pakistan, and although listed as Pakistani, was ethnically a Punjabi. Mahfouz and Zewail however are both Arab. That means that two Arabs won the Nobel Prize in Science and literature. Out of 300 million Arabs.
A further note on Professor Salam, he was educated at Punjab University, St. John's College, Cambridge and Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1952. He then returned to Pakistan where he served as Professor at Government College, Lahore and Punjab University. It was here that he found intellectual pursuits being stifled. There was no postgraduate work of any value; there were no journals written; there were no scientific conferences. Given the choice between physics or Pakistan, he returned to Cambridge to take up the position of Lecturer. In 1957 he was appointed Full Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College. Certainly if he stayed in Pakistan he would never have accomplished anything of note, nor would he ever have won a Nobel Prize.
Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani Nobel Laureate, and is the first Muslim Nobel Laureate in science.
It should also be pointed out that of the four Muslims only Salam was devout. Mahfouz and Zewail were brought up in a secular environment. Zewail is Muslim in name only. Mahfouz in fact was stabbed by Muslims for his anti-Islamic mutterings.
Both Zawail and Salam did their research in non-Muslim countries and spent almost the entirety of their lives outside of Islamic countries. So much for "Muslim" Nobel Prize Winners. I doubt any of Zawail's colleagues ever think of him as Muslim.
Sadly, Abdus Salam, being an Ahmadiyya Muslim, is not considered a true Muslim by Pakistanis.
alHafeez.org, Dr. Abdus Salam And The Nobel PrizeThe National Assembly of Pakistan having legally declared the Qadianis a non-Muslim minority on Sept. 7, 1974, expelled them from the Muslim religion and entered their name in the list of non-Muslim inhabitants of the country. This legal decree is a mortal blow for them and has successfully killed their infectious germs from blossoming.
Interestingly, according to their religion, observant Muslims cannot ever accept money from the Nobel Prize since the award is actually pure interest earned on the original Nobel fortune. Islamic Law forbids either the paying or receiving of interest.
As to the Peace Prize, although I consider it irrelevant to intelligence, it is noteworthy that Shirin Ebadi's Peace Prize was awarded precisely for being anti-Islamic: promoting human rights and democracy in Iran.
But for those who persist in being technical as to how many Muslims won a Nobel Prize: OK, OK, Updated total: 9 (of which 5 [Peace] do not involve creativity at all) - if that makes you feel better (but it's really only four or three if you omit Abdus Salam).
JEWISH NOBEL WINNERS (Of at least 50% or more Jewish)
0.2% OF WORLD'S POPULATION (16-19 Million Jews)
Literature (13)
| Year | Laureate | Award Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1910 | Heyse, Paul | Germany |
| 1927 | Bergson, Henri | France |
| 1958 | Pasternak, Boris | Soviet Union |
| 1966 | Agnon, Yosef Shmuel (Israeli) | Israel |
| 1966 | Sachs, Nelly | Germany |
| 1976 | Bellow, Saul | USA |
| 1978 | Singer, Bashevis Isaac | USA |
| 1981 | Canetti, Elias | UK/Bulgaria |
| 1987 | Brodsky, Joseph | USA |
| 1991 | Gordimer, Nadine | South Africa |
| 2002 | Kertesz, Imre | Hungary |
| 2004 | Jelinek, Elfriede | Austria |
| 2005 | Pinter, Harold | UK |
Chemistry (33)
| Year | Laureate | Award Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1905 | Baeyer, Von Adolph | Germany |
| 1906 | Moissan, Henri | France |
| 1910 | Wallach, Otto | Germany |
| 1915 | Willstaetter, Richard | Germany |
| 1918 | Haber, Fritz | Germany |
| 1943 | Hevesy, de Charles George | Hungary |
| 1961 | Calvin, Melvin | USA |
| 1962 | Perutz, Ferdinand Max | UK |
| 1972 | Stein, Howard William | USA |
| 1972 | Anfinsen, Christian B. | USA |
| 1977 | Prigogine, Ilya | Belgium |
| 1979 | Brown, Charles Herbert | USA |
| 1980 | Berg, Paul | USA |
| 1980 | Gilbert, Walter | USA |
| 1981 | Hoffmann, Roald | USA |
| 1982 | Klug, Aaron | UK |
| 1985 | Hauptman, A. Albert | USA |
| 1985 | Karle, Jerome | USA |
| 1986 | John Charles Polanyi | Canada / Hungary |
| 1989 | Altman, Sidney | Canada/USA |
| 1992 | Marcus, Rudolph | USA |
| 1994 | Olah, George A. | Hungary/USA |
| 1996 | Kroto, Sir Harold | UK |
| 1998 | Kohn, Walter | USA |
| 2000 | Heeger, Alan J. | USA |
| 2004 | Ciechanover, Aaron | Israel |
| 2004 | Hershko, Avram | Israel |
| 2004 | Rose, Irwin | USA |
| 2006 | Kornberg, Roger. D. | USA |
| [Update]: | ||
| 2008 | Chalfie, Martin | USA |
| 2009 | Yonath, Ada E. (Israeli) | Israel |
| 2011 | Shechtman, Dan | Israel |
| 2012 | Lefkowitz, Robert | USA |
Economics (29)
| Year | Laureate | Award Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Samuelson, Anthony Paul | USA |
| 1971 | Kuznets, Simon | USA |
| 1972 | Arrow, Joseph Kenneth | USA |
| 1973 | Leontief, Wassily | USA |
| 1975 | Kantorovich, Leonid | Soviet Union |
| 1976 | Friedman, Milton | USA |
| 1978 | Simon, A. Herbert | USA |
| 1980 | Klein, Robert Lawrence | USA |
| 1985 | Modigliani, Franco | Italy |
| 1987 | Solow, M. Robert | USA |
| 1990 | Markowitz, Harry | USA |
| 1990 | Miller, Merton | USA |
| 1992 | Becker, Gary | USA |
| 1993 | Fogel, Rober | USA |
| 1994 | Selten, Reinhard | Germany |
| 1994 | Harsanyi, John C. | USA |
| 1997 | Merton, Robert | USA |
| 1997 | Scholes, Myron S. | USA/Canada |
| 2001 | Stiglitz, Joseph E. | USA |
| 2001 | Akerlof, George A. | USA |
| 2002 | Kahneman, Daniel | USA/Israel |
| 2005 | Aumann, Robert J. | USA/Israel |
| [Update] | ||
| 2007 | Hurwicz, Leonid | USA/Poland |
| 2007 | Maskin, Eric S. | USA |
| 2007 | Myerson, Roger B. | USA |
| 2008 | Krugman, Paul | USA |
| 2009 | Ostrom, Elinor | USA |
| 2010 | Diamond, Peter | USA |
| 2012 | Roth, Alvin | USA |
Physiology or Medicine (54)
| Year | Laureate | Award Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1908 | Metchnikoff, Elie | Russia |
| 1908 | Ehrlich, Paul | Germany |
| 1914 | Barany, Robert | Austria |
| 1922 | Meyerhof, Otto | Germany |
| 1930 | Landsteiner, Karl | Austria |
| 1931 | Warburg, Otto | Germany |
| 1936 | Loewi, Otto | Austria |
| 1944 | Erlanger, Joseph | USA |
| 1944 | Gasser, Spencer Herbert | USA |
| 1945 | Chain, Boris Ernst | UK |
| 1946 | Muller, Joseph Hermann | USA |
| 1947 | Cori, Gerty Theresa | USA |
| 1950 | Reichstein, Tadeus | Switzerland |
| 1952 | Waksman, Abraham Selman | USA |
| 1953 | Krebs, Hans | UK |
| 1953 | Lipmann, Fritz Albert | USA |
| 1958 | Lederberg, Joshua | USA |
| 1959 | Kornberg, Arthur | USA |
| 1964 | Bloch, Konrad | USA |
| 1965 | Jacob, Francois | France |
| 1965 | Lwoff, Andre | France |
| 1967 | Wald, George | USA |
| 1968 | Nirenberg, W. Marshall | USA |
| 1969 | Luria, Salvador | USA |
| 1970 | Axelrod, Julius | USA |
| 1970 | Katz, Bernard Sir | UK |
| 1972 | Edelman, Maurice Gerald | USA |
| 1975 | Baltimore, David | USA |
| 1975 | Temin, Martin Howard | USA |
| 1976 | Blumberg, S. Baruch | USA |
| 1977 | Yalow, Sussman Rosalyn | USA |
| 1978 | Nathans, Daniel | USA |
| 1980 | Benacerraf, Baruj | USA |
| 1982 | Vane, Sir John | UK |
| 1984 | Milstein, Cesar | UK/Argentina |
| 1985 | Brown, Stuart Michael | USA |
| 1985 | Goldstein, L. Joseph | USA |
| 1986 | Cohen, Stanley | USA |
| 1986 | Levi-Montalcini, Rita | USA/Italy |
| 1988 | Elion, Gertrude | USA |
| 1989 | Varmus, Harold | USA |
| 1992 | Fischer, Edmond | USA/Switzerland |
| 1994 | Rodbell, Martin | USA |
| 1994 | Gilman, Alfred | USA |
| 1997 | Prusiner, Stanley B. | USA |
| 1998 | Furchgott, Robert F. | USA |
| 2000 | Kandel, Eric R. | USA |
| 2000 | Greengard, Paul | USA |
| 2002 | Brenner, Sydney | UK |
| 2002 | Horvitz, H. Robert | USA |
| 2004 | Axel, Richard | USA |
| 2006 | Fire, Andrew Z. | USA |
| [Update] | ||
| 2011 | Beutler, Bruce | USA |
| 2011 | Steinman, Ralph | Canada |
Physics (50)
| Year | Laureate | Award Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1907 | Michelson, Abraham Albert | USA |
| 1908 | Lippmann, Gabriel | France |
| 1921 | Einstein, Albert | Germany |
| 1922 | Bohr, Niels | Denmark |
| 1925 | Franck, James | Germany |
| 1943 | Stern, Otto | USA |
| 1944 | Rabi, Issac Isidor | USA |
| 1945 | Pauli, Wolfgang | Austria |
| 1952 | Bloch, Felix | USA |
| 1954 | Born, Max | UK |
| 1958 | Tamm, Igor | Soviet Union |
| 1958 | Frank, Ilya | Soviet Union |
| 1959 | Segre, Emilio | Italy |
| 1960 | Glaser, A. Donald | USA |
| 1961 | Hofstadter, Robert | USA |
| 1962 | Landau, Davidovich Lev | Soviet Union |
| 1963 | Wigner, Eugene P. | USA |
| 1965 | Feynman, Phillips Richard | USA |
| 1965 | Schwinger, Julian | USA |
| 1967 | Bethe, Hans A. | USA |
| 1969 | Gell-Mann, Murray | USA |
| 1971 | Gabor, Dennis | UK |
| 1972 | Cooper, Leon N. | USA |
| 1973 | Josephson, David Brian | UK |
| 1975 | Mottleson, Benjamin | Denmark |
| 1976 | Richter, Burton | USA |
| 1978 | Penzias, Allan Arno | USA |
| 1979 | Weinberg, Stephen | USA |
| 1979 | Glashow, Sheldon | USA |
| 1981 | Schawlow, Arthur | USA |
| 1987 | Müller, K. Alexander | Switzerland |
| 1988 | Lederman, Leon | USA |
| 1988 | Schwartz, Melvin | USA |
| 1988 | Steinberger, Jack | USA |
| 1990 | Friedman, Jerome | USA |
| 1992 | Charpak, Georges | France |
| 1995 | Reines, Frederick | USA |
| 1995 | Perl, Martin | USA |
| 1996 | Osheroff, Douglas D. | USA |
| 1996 | Lee, David M | USA |
| 1997 | Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude | France |
| 2000 | Alferov, Zhores I. | Russia |
| 2003 | Abrikosov, Alexei A. | Russia/USA |
| 2003 | Ginzburg, Vitaly L. | Russia |
| 2004 | Politzer, H. David | USA |
| 2004 | Gross, David J. | USA |
| 2005 | Glauber, Roy J. | USA |
| [Update]: | ||
| 2011 | Riess, Adam | USA |
| 2011 | Perlmutter, Saul | USA |
| 2012 | Haroche, Serge | France |
Total 178 (I am not counting Peace Prize winners)
The following is for reference only, I do not count them as intellectual achievements:
Peace Prize
1911 - Alfred Fried
1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser
1968 - Rene Cassin
1973 - Henry Kissinger
1978 - Menachem Begin
1986 - Elie Wiesel
1994 - Shimon Peres
1994 - Yitzhak Rabin
1995 - Joseph Rotblat
(For a complete list of Jewish Nobel Prize Winners see this page of the Israel Science and Technology Website.)
No wonder Muslims hate Jews: It's so embarrassing to see what Jews have accomplished compared to a population 100 times larger. But in some respects one may wonder if indeed Jews control the world - it seems they control the Nobel Prize Awards Committee.
It would do Muslims well to start teaching their children important things other than how to blow themselves up. Please consider:
If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more violence.
If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no more Israel.
If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no more Israel.
Related:
Despite the fact that they are so small in size, however, Israelis continue to be world leaders in innovation. The following is but one recent example:
Haaretz,
Google buys search algorithm invented by Israeli studentSearch engine giant Google recently acquired an advanced text search algorithm invented by Ori Alon, an Israeli student.Orion, as it is called, which Alon developed with faculty, relates only to the most relevant textual results. In addition the software, which currently operates only in English, offers a list of topics directly related to the original source.
Anyone may republish this article for non-commercial use without asking my permission. I make it easy, see details here.
The above reference to Amartya Sen as honorary muslim is based on the following, quoted
entirely below:
"Amartya Sen conferred D.Lit"
"The Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) conferred the degree of 'Doctor of Letters' (D.Lit) on renowned economist and Nobel laureate Amartya Sen in a special convocation ceremony.
"In awarding this degree the university not only records its deep appreciation for his contribution to the field of economics but it honours itself," said Jamia Vice-Chancellor Najeeb Jung speaking to a packed house at the M.A. Ansari auditorium.
"We had planned to honour Professor Sen at our convocation held last month but he was not available. So, we held this special convocation ceremony," Jung later told IANS.
Praising the 91-year-old university, one of the country's oldest, Sen said that Jamia was a union of education and tradition.
"I am delighted to receive this honour," added the economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in economic sciences and Bharat Ratna - the highest civilian award in India - the following year.
"Jamia is a place of great education. It's a confluence of south Asian Muslim history, national heritage, and a global academic institution," Sen later told IANS.
Jamia Millia Islamia, an institution originally established at Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) in 1920 became a central university by an act of parliament in 1988."
"We had planned to honour Professor Sen at our convocation held last month but he was not available. So, we held this special convocation ceremony," Jung later told IANS.
Praising the 91-year-old university, one of the country's oldest, Sen said that Jamia was a union of education and tradition.
"I am delighted to receive this honour," added the economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in economic sciences and Bharat Ratna - the highest civilian award in India - the following year.
"Jamia is a place of great education. It's a confluence of south Asian Muslim history, national heritage, and a global academic institution," Sen later told IANS.
Jamia Millia Islamia, an institution originally established at Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) in 1920 became a central university by an act of parliament in 1988."
The above quote in its entirety more than amply illustrates Sen's alliance with an Islamic University.
Please Note that above reproduction is a quote to illustrate the point and is not meant to be a republication of the
news item. -Editor, Sookta
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