A MUST READ FOR ALL NEW INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE (IAS) OFFICER EXAMINATION CANDIDATES
Sunday, October 11, 2015
THE CALCUTTA QURAN PETITION AN EYE OPENING BOOK BY THE LATE SITA RAM GOEL
- ISLAM WITHOUT ILLUSIONS
Theory and practice explained
The Calcutta Quran Petition
Sita Ram GoelNew Delhi, Voice of India, 1999, 3rd edition325 + xvi pages, Rs 150 (PB)
Reviewed by Dr. N.S. Rajaram
Background
The average educated person today, anywhere in the world, is likely to beboth confused and frightened by Islam. On the one hand, it is supposed to be areligion of peace that preaches equality and justice for all, while on the other, itis hardly possible to escape the sight of the most unspeakable acts of violencebeing committed by individuals and groups in its name.
To make the situation more confusing, there is no shortage of 'experts' - Eastern and Western - who tell us that Islamic terror is an aberration that has nothing to do with the 'true' Islam.It is fair to say that a majority of the people in the world has swallowed thisexplanation while remaining ambivalent about Muslims and their behavior.
In the book under review, Sita Ram Goel, one of the world's most incisive studentsof Islam, blows away this confusion by giving an unwarnished, scholarly yethighly readable account of the theory and practice of Islam. By a detailedanalysis of its scripture and history, he explodes the charade that Islamic terrorcan somehow be separated from its teachings. In the process, the prolific anderudite Mr. Goel has probably written his masterpiece.
To return to the confused state of knowledge about Islam, there has long been a need - more urgent today than ever before - for a work that can explain the theory and practice of Islam for the average reader. This void is now effectively filled by the book under review - 'The Calcutta Quran Petition' by Sita Ram Goel. His pluralistic Hindu background gives him a distinct advantage over his Western counterparts, who, despite their best efforts, cannot entirely break free of the shackles of their exclusivist Judeo-Christian heritage that springs from the same soil as Islam. Goel on the other hand looks at Islam as a complete outsider, disregarding its pious claims. If there is one book on Islam that a concerned person should read, it is his 'The Calcutta Quran Petition'. The book could with equal justice be titled 'Islam for Nonbelievers: Its scripture, history and practice'. The reason for the unusual title is historical. On 29 March 1985, one Chandmal Chopra filed a writ petition in the Calcutta High Court seeking a ban on the Quran under Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code because it "incites violence, disturbs public tranquility, promotes, on the ground of religion, feelings of enmity, hatred and ill-will between different religious groups.
- religious communities, and insults other religions or religious beliefs of otherreligious communities of India." The Calcutta High Court disallowed thepetition, but the issues raised by it remain relevant, especially now when theneed to understand the causes of terror in the name of Islam is greater than ever.More significantly for the present discussion, it led Sita Ram Goel to write thevolume under review. The sordid details of the case in question would probablybe of little interest to the average reader today though they shed much light onthe ignoble conduct of the Governments of India and West Bengal in the face ofreal or perceived Muslim threats. Out of a total of 345 pages, the author devotesno less than 230 pages to a general discussion of Islam that has little directly todo with the Calcutta Petition. These pages, covering Chapters 2 through 10,
- constitute for all practical purposes an independent manual on Islam, beginningwith the message of the Quran. This is what is reviewed here.Quran and the HadisThe first point about the Quran is that it does not stand alone. The Suras(verses) of the Quran were created in specific situations arising out of specificmilitary, political and sometimes personal needs. They invariably reflect theconvenience of the Prophet who found it expedient to invoke Allah as authorityto have his own way with his people. Seeing this, his favorite wife A'sha onceobserved, "I find that Allah is prompt to proclaim commandments in accordancewith your desire." This means that the context in which a Sura was created isall-important. Taking Quranic passages out of context can lead to outlandishinterpretations like Sir Abdullah Suhrawardy's Sayings of Muhammad, whichMahatma Gandhi hailed in his Foreword as among the "treasures of mankind."The all-important context for interpreting the Suras of the Quran is providedby the Hadis. They may be described as the record of the activities of theProphet. They are so detailed, that it is possible to obtain a more or lesscomplete picture of the private and public life of the Prophet. It may fairly besaid that the Hadis rather than Quran form the basis for Islam, for without themthe Quran becomes virtually incomprehensible. As Goel makes clear (Chapter3) there is practically no difference between Allah and the Prophet; Allah doesat the Prophet's bidding. This made the great Maharshi Dayananda Saraswatiobserve, "Allah is the Prophet's domestic servant." As Goel explains, this makesthe Quran (the 'Word of Allah') and the Hadis ('Acts of Muhammad')interchangeable.In other words, the Hadis describe the Quran in action, meaning the acts ofthe Prophet. These in turn became the model of behavior to be emulated, for
- every true Muslim from the highest to the lowest. As Goel observes: "It is thisfixed and frozen image of the Prophet which is meant when a Muslim proclaimshis Din (fundamental faith). In fact the Prophet produced a 'revelation' (33.21)presenting himself as the perfect model for those who look forward (with hope)for the Day of Judgement. For a pious Muslim, human life is best lived when itconforms to Muhammad's conduct even in minor matters such as defecating... ,cutting one's beard to a specific size and so on. Islam leaves no room at all forindividual initiative or judgment...In case of doubt, a pious Muslim must go to a mufti (juriconsultant) andobtain a fatwa [ruling] about how the Prophet would have conducted himself ina situation which, according to all sources, the Prophet is not known to havefaced." Needless to say, this is not a climate conducive to progress.This has a sinister side with far-reaching implications. Since the later part ofthe Prophet's career is full of war and bloodshed in the name of Allah, religiouswar or Jihad is seen as the highest goal of Islam. What the world is faced today -from Kashmir to Kosovo (and now West Asia and Syria, pushing into Euurope)- is Jihad or religious war to bring the whole world under the sway of Islam.This reality cannot be wished away as is done by liberal academics in East andWest, by giving an abstract interpretation of Jihad. As Walter Laquer, anAmerican expert on terrorism observed, "Many interpreters of jihad in theMuslim world, and an equal number in the West, have explained that jihad has adouble meaning: it stands for jihad bi al saif (holy war by means of the sword)and also for jihad al nafs (literally, struggle for one's soul against one's own baseinstinct). Both interpretations are true, but Islamic militants have rejected thespiritual explanation as dangerous heresy. ...The Taliban in Afghanistan andmany militants (especially ISIS today) are not impressed by the speeches andwritings of more moderate exegetists about the 'poverty of fanaticism' and the'spiritual mission of Islam,' and this fact is what matters..."
- The fact of the matter is that influential Muslim leaders see the violentversion of Jihad as the only valid one. Jihad to them is "the most glorious wordin the vocabulary of Islam," and by this they don't mean striving for innerperfection. Goel explains this vital fact with clarity and thoroughness withprofuse illustrations from the history and scripture of Islam. As he points out,the Quran studied alongside the Hadis is a nothing but a manual on Jihad - orreligious war. Just as the Prophet became the model for Muslim behavior, hisblood soaked career became the model for a succession of Muslim leaders downto the present.While the Hadis are indispensable for understanding Islam, they present abewildering mass of detail to the uninitiated. In Chapter 4 ('The Prophet Sets thePattern'), the author takes the reader through the Prophet's career by presenting asystematic picture of the historical background and the key events. He describesalso two interesting episodes that are not widely known: the Prophet's invitation,in a time of distress, to the Christian Abyssinians to invade Mecca, claiming thathis teachings were no different from theirs; and the famous 'Satanic verses'inspired by the need to regain the support of the Meccans. In Chapter 5 ('TheOrthodox Exposition of Jihad'), the author produces evidence from primarysources to demolish the claim of modern apologists that Jihad has - or ever had -a spiritual meaning. This 'spiritual' interpretation is exhumed only when theyfeel insecure - as in India today, or when faced with powerful opponents like theUnited States - to be buried again when conditions turn favorable.Chapter 6 ('Jihad in India's History') may be read as a practicaldemonstration of Islam in action. It is to be hoped that every policymaker inIndia as well as the West will read this capsule account of the 'bloodiest story inhistory' - as Will Durant called it - and learn its lessons. Indians in particularmust face this historical truth and not seek escape in fantasies written by
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